Figure C4c. Project and Organizations through SED, DRR, and HA projects

Project Paradigm

(general notes concerning T. S. Kuhn)

A paradigm (In Greek pattern, example, model) is a generally accepted scheme. It is a set of assumptions, concepts, values, rules, and practices shared by a particular community.

The term paradigm was first generally defined in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by the American theorist and historian of science, Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1923-1996). He introduced the paradigm as a global organizational model or a theory with great luminosity for scientists' work. Applications of this approach enrich the current philosophy and penetrate other fields.

We can see, after all, the development of all disciplines, including science, and, with its inventions, the penetration of paradigms into the technique of public life and new technological applications.

There is another term similar to the term paradigm. It is "episteme," according to the French philosopher and sociologist Michel Foucault (1926–1984). Although his path is based on a different basis (discourse of individual epochs) and deals with the "archeology of knowledge," its benefit is that it places science in one of the factors created by the epistemic of each specific social period. Other philosophers of the present follow these works.

For example, the Czech philosopher and biologist Zdeněk Neubauer (1942–2016) said that the paradigm becomes a paradigm only if it descends from an abstract, theoretical level and sinks deep into the layers of our everyday experience. Only then does the paradigm become a holistic image that directs our perspective and foreshadows what we (only) see, find, and understand.

The SPC Concept builds on these findings. The author of this concept says that changes caused by science (human reason) and the effects of catastrophes (the phenomena that accompany life on Earth) are processes that the human population has learned and is still learning to record, capture and describe in a project. In this sense, the project is no longer just a tool but fills the space between science and practice as a paradigm.

The project can describe, react to these processes and apply (implement) many of them in practical life. In this sense, the project covers all elements of DM (Disciplinary Matrix). It fulfills the function of a paradigm, the role of synthesis (integrity) of data from the field of science, technology, and the technique of life.

This book presents the project as a paradigm of the most comprehensive human activity, represented by the SED, DRR, and HA projects, which have historical, present, and forthcoming values. It is an environment of an infinite number of project chains with the ability to generate structured data for the needs of public and private sector communities in a local, regional and global environment.

As-Is WBS

(Work Break-Down Structure)

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a rational-oriented breakdown of a project into smaller components. Project Management (PM) and Systems Engineering (SE) are dominant users of this technique. It is a key project deliverable that organizes the team's work into manageable sections.

WBS in project management is a valuable method for completing a complex, multi-step project. Breaks-down any task into smaller chunks means jobs done simultaneously by different team members, leading to better project team productivity and easier project management.

Every project needs a WBS like they have their schedules (timing) and budgets (financing). A good WBS is essential for defining the scope of a project (see project triad: scope, time, costs).

The WBS is a core logic tool and a significant input for creating the project schedule, budget, and risk plan of all projects in the preparation and implementation stages.

To-Be WBS

(Work Break-Down Structure)

In the coming time of the digital transformation, the WBS method, which project engineers have mastered, is a logical link between their thinking and the structure of machine work.

In other words, when a machine completes a project design or prepares its implementation, the WBS method is a newly renovated tool for reading the result of the machine's work.

The WBS is not expecting a transformation but a proper revision of this technique. In other words. If WBS enters the digital transformation, it will have to fully respect the rules of new digitally structured databases with security features (e.g., blockchain and smart contract).

Further will have to respect the needs of complex digitized algorithms, which increasingly will demand machines and not people. (e.g., Chapter D presents the opportunities: Project Preparation Machines, PPM or Project Implementation Machines, PIM, etc.).

The picture also indicates the application of WBS skills even after the project's closing, when the work created by the project will offer products and services or get into a situation of bankruptcy or lockdown. WBS method will serve the ext-post audits apps.

Harmonizing "machine" messages with human pragmatic thinking will be necessary. The impacts of electronic applications will be growing, and the view on them will look fuzzier and fuzzier than be readable.

S&S

(Scales of Scaling)

Scalability is a system's desirable feature (ability) to work (e.g., in organizations or projects). It can react to sudden changes by performing tasks according to monitored parameters (effectiveness, economy, results), including extreme loads (in scale by set parameters).

Scalability measures distinguish scalability skills: administrative, functional, geographical, and load scalability. Data scale can have four levels: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Each measurement has essential skills, and it is helpful to understand and distinguish their functions.

D&C

(Digital transformation and Computerization)

Digital Transformation is the phenomenon of 21. century. Digital technologies are transforming operations, products, and services in organizations large and small, and a new paradigm of projects is coming.

Computerization is starting to use a computer to do something that is the work of people or other machines before; it is slowly taking hold of every aspect of production, services, and results.

Digital transformation is a challenge related to practicality, efficiency, and economy.

SPP

(Super Package of SED, DRR, and HA projects)

Super Package of SED, DRR, and HA projects is a virtual model of standard project processes that we can identify in any spending of SED, DRR, and HA projects in any locality of a poor province anywhere around the world.

SPC Drivers and the spending principles predetermine the model of standard project processes. Their characteristics are defined by the performance of the SPC Utility of a province that operates in the SPC Concept business rules framework.

The SPP set of SED, DRR, and HA projects is about each project's quantity and quality character.

A project is a summary of partial tasks with the given content and process algorithm that must be prepared and implemented in a set structure of time stages (milestones) and the spectrum ad volume of funds allocated to each project.

In this light, the essential characteristics of the SED, DRR, and HA projects can be summarized as follows:

• SED: the development of well-being and security of people in their settlements is born through plans with sufficient time reserved for their preparation and implementation.

  Plan failures are primarily the result of mistakes that people themselves bring to projects.

• DRR: the development of well-being and safety of people (e.g., in their residences) is exposed to several risks.

  DRR projects are looking for the necessary measures and tools to eliminate them or set skills for their management.

  DRR projects aim to help solve ad hoc situations, prepare SED projects in time, and increase their quality.

• HA: It is a quick aid that must react on the level of a critical ad-hoc situation and be ready to follow the project principle. The HA is fast action and records the disaster scope.

  It is about the structure and the potential of coming impacts). When funds are consumed, all spending should be archived according to the standard project methodology.

  The goal is to save people and their property, gain data, and, in time, liquidate any corruption experiments. The responsible bodies should do it when it is possible to convert data into a complete project.

  It will make it possible to transform the acquired data into the know-how of DRR and SED projects in the broader context.